China's water diversion project carries risks

China's water diversion project carries risks
China Daily
September 19th, 2012

http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-09/19/content_15766742.htm

As government officials hailed the success of relocating 340,000 people
in China's south-north water diversion project Tuesday, they are also
aware of the social and environmental challenges the project may bring.

The relocation in central China's provinces of Hubei and Henan is part
of the project to transfer clear water from the Han River, a major
tributary of the Yangtze River, to the drought-prone north including the
capital city of Beijing.

At the start of the route, the height of the Danjiangkou Dam on the Han
River has been raised, and the reservoir behind the dam will begin to
rise in 2014 so that water will flow all the way to the north.

The project forced 180,000 people in Hubei and 160,000 in Henan to leave
their homes around the reservoir. It is China's second largest
relocation program after the Three Gorges project, which involved the
relocation of 1.27 million people over a period of 17 years.

The immigrants, mostly poor farmers, have moved in to more than 600
government-designed villages across the two provinces within the past
three years.

The Hubei provincial government said that the relocation is a miracle in
the history of reservoir immigration in China.

Tens of thousands of officials were employed in the relocation program.
Among them, 21 - including nine in Hubei and 12 in Henan - died from
fatigue and illness caused by constant work.

However, the relocation is just the first step of the immigration, said
E Jingping, director of the South-North Water Diversion Office of the
State Council, China's cabinet. "The goal for the coming years is to
keep the immigrants stable, enable them to develop and become rich."

However, discontent exists among immigrants who have found life harder
in the new locations, where locals have different dialects and cultures.
Added to this, living costs are higher with some houses having defects.
Some immigrants are given low-grade farmland to work on and those who
grew fruits in hilly regions do not know how to grow rice on a plain.

Living standards are likely to go down for more than a third of the
immigrants, Peng Chengbo, vice director of the Hubei Reservoir
Immigration Bureau, told Xinhua.

Thousands of immigrants have travelled back to their hometowns to seek
redress from governments. Some have barricaded highways, besieged
government buildings and beaten immigration officials.

Peng said that local governments were under pressure in maintaining
stability in Hubei, where various water projects including the Three
Gorges and the water diversion forced a total of three million people to
move over the past five decades.

Hubei has plans to help the immigrants to raise their living standards
to average levels in the new locations within three years, and in a
further two years surpass the average, he added.

Environmental concerns

The biggest challenge the 201.3-billion-yuan project faces may not only
be the resettlement of the immigrants, but also protection of water
resources and calls for ecological compensation from downstream areas.

Beginning in 2014, the project will draw 9.5 billion cubic meters of
water from the Han River annually. Upon completion of the second phase
of the route, 12 to 14 billion cubic meters of water will flow north
each year.

Critics warned that as 25 to 30 percent of the river's total flow is
taken away, the ecology of the middle and lower reaches of the Han River
� a 650-kilometer-long section in Hubei - will be damaged and new water
shortages will be created.

The river level will fall and the cost of using water for people's life
and irrigation will increase; the river's ability to cleanse itself will
decline and pollution control will become more difficult; the number of
days during which the river is navigable will decrease and water
transport will be less efficient; fish will suffer a loss of breeding
grounds and the decrease in water temperature will be harmful, according
to a report by the Hubei provincial environmental authorities.

To make matters worse, Shaanxi province, which is in the upper reaches
of the Han River, will begin constructing a project to convey 1.5
billion cubic meters of water annually from the river to supplement the
Wei River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River.

It aims to ease water shortages in major cities including Xi'an and
Xianyang in west China, but is feared to exacerbate the situation in
Hubei, where the Han River is crucial to 12 million people and 1.13
million hectares of farmland known as the Jianghan Plain, said experts.

As a result, a 10-billion-yuan package of minor projects have been
formulated to reduce the impact of the water diversion projects on the
Han River. The most prominent is a 67-kilometer-long man-made canal to
use water of the Yangtze River to make up for the loss in its tributary.

Ironically however, the scheme is said by some as another act of
"robbing Peter to pay Paul" and new problems are predicted to arise.

The Han River will be polluted by water from the Yangtze River, the
aquatic life population in the tributary will be further decimated with
a decrease in water temperature, and the Yangtze River itself is short
of water every winter, according to the Hubei Bureau of South-North
Water Diversion Project, which oversees the construction of the projects.

In addition, dams are being built to raise water levels near major
industrial cities in Hubei including Xiangyang and Qianjiang to improve
shipping and irrigation. But experts claimed that with too many dams the
river will be cut into a string of reservoirs holding large volumes of
municipal sewage. Solving all these problems needs more investment and
proper management, they said.

Mei Jie, author of the Mighty River Goes North, who was born in the
Danjiangkou Reservoir area, said "I feel I have to tell the world about
the suffering of the people in the south and that the water flowing
north is not ordinary water, but blood and tears of the people in the
south."

The water diversion project is a must for the country considering the
chronic water scarcity in Beijing but the capital city is still
expanding and many people there are not fully aware of how scarce water
is and they really need to cherish it, she said.
________________________________________________

You received this message as a subscriber on the list: china@list.internationalrivers.org

To be removed from the list, please visit:
http://salsa.democracyinaction.org/o/2486/unsubscribe.jsp